胆囊癌p16蛋白的表达意义

目的观察p16蛋白在胆囊癌中表达,了解其与胆囊癌发生、发展关系。方法采用免疫组织化学S—P方法检测41例胆囊癌,7例胆囊腺瘤、14例胆囊炎石蜡标本p16蛋白的表达水平。结果胆囊癌p16蛋白的阳性表达率为48．8％（20／41）,明显低于胆囊炎（92．1％）及胆囊腺瘤（10％）;且低分化癌组与高、中分化癌组,S4～S5期与S1～S2期、S3期比较均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论p16蛋白表达与胆囊癌的分化程度、浸润深度及预后密切相关。     

Proposed criteria for preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: There has been a dramatic increase in the number of endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms (ERC) performed on patients who are candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The majority of these procedures result in normal findings. This study is an attempt to determine useful clinical criteria and strategy for predicting the presence or absence of common bile duct stones (CBDS) and the need for ERC in patients who are candidates for LC. Methods: The observational portion of this study explored laboratory and ultrasound data from 134 consecutive patients who had undergone preoperative ERC, followed by LC, over a 4-year period. The data were then analyzed by multivariate logistic regression to determine the best models for predicting the presence or absence of stones in the common bile duct. Models using gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phophatase (AP), common bile duct diameter (CBDIA), and amylase (AMY) were then evaluated retrospectively in 36 additional patients (validation group). Results: A model based on GGT and common bile duct diameter as positive predictors and amylase as a negative predictor correctly classified 78% of the patients in the validation group. This model resulted in a negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, and specificity of 0.88, 0.68, 0.87, and 0.71, respectively. The model utilizing AP was almost as effective. This model resulted in a NPV, PPV, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.83, 0.67, 0.80, and 0.71, respectively. Conclusions: Although a number of laboratory values and imaging techniques correlate with the presence or absence of CBDS, our study confirms that individually they have poor predictive value. Our data and models suggest that elevated serum amylase is a negative predictor for CBDS. Elevated GGT and/or AP with widened CBDIA and normal AMY strongly suggest the presence of CBDS and the need for preoperative ERC. Elevated GGT, AP, or widened CBDIA with elevated amylase, in the absence of clinical pancreatitis, may suggest that small stones have passed through the ampulla of Vater and that the CBD is generally cleared of stones. Received: 10 July 1998 Accepted: 18 September 1998     

Laparoscopic treatment for common bile duct stones by transcystic papilla balloon dilatation technique

The laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct (CBD) approach is becoming increasingly more refined as an ideal technique to deal with gallbladder stones (GBS) and common bile duct stones (CBDS) during a single operation. Our method, transcystic CBD exploration and papilla balloon dilatation (PBD), is an easier, safer, and less invasive technique than the transcystic approaches that have previously been reported. With our method, a sheath is introduced through the cystic duct into the CBD in order to allow catheter exchange, and the CBDS is flushed out through the papilla into the duodenum after PBD. We applied our new technique, without complication, to a patient with GBS and CBDS. Our technique is one of the safest, easiest, and least invasive methods for the treatment of patients with GBS and CBDS. Received: 22 July 1998/Accepted: 7 March 1999     

Combined endoscopic and surgical management of Mirizzi syndrome

Mirizzi syndrome is a form of obstructive jaundice caused by a stone impacted in the gallbladder neck or the cystic duct that impinges on the common hepatic duct with or without a cholecystocholedochal fistula. This syndrome is a rare complication of cholelithiasis that accounts for 0.1% of all patients with gallstone disease. Preoperative recognition is necessary to prevent injury to the common duct during surgery. We present a patient with a preoperative diagnosis of type I Mirizzi syndrome that was confirmed and drained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), followed by subtotal cholecystectomy. A review of the literature covering its clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment is also presented. Received: 2 September 1998/Accepted: 9 November 1998     

原发性胆囊癌的预后与病理和手术类型的关系

目的 探讨提高原发性胆囊癌的治疗效果。方法 对１９８１年１月－１９９５年１２月收治的经病理证实的原发性胆囊癌６６例的临床及随访资料进行分析。结果 ６２％的病例合并有胆囊结石,右上腹疼痛,黄疸及右上腹包块是最常见的症状和体征。Ｂ超和ＣＴ有助于术前诊断。病理检查显示腺癌占７９％,早期肿瘤细胞分化程度相对较好,晚期肿瘤占６９％。５２％的病例病灶已无法切除,根治性手术仅占１６％,少数晚期患者经根治性手术可以获得长期生存。统计学分析显示肿瘤的病理分期、肿瘤细胞分级、手术方式与预后显著相关。结论 重视胆囊癌的诊断,适当扩大早期胆囊癌的手术切除范围,对晚期胆囊癌尽可能行根治性切除术,可望改善其预后。     

胆囊癌89例临床分析

目的 探讨提高胆囊癌疗效的途径。方法 对１９８５－１９９６年间收治的８９例胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 ８９例患者中男３１例,女５８例。男：女之比为１：１.８７。胆囊癌合并胆囊结石者占４０％,术前Ｂ超论断符合率为７９％（６２／７８）。ＣＴ诊断符合率为９２％（４３／４７）,术中及术后病理确诊占１８％（１６／７７）。本组７例漏诊,７７例行探查手术,５０例切除胆囊。切除率６５％,其中根治 切除２８例,根治率３6％。本组行根治性切除者１、３、５年生存率分别为７７％、５４％和２７５;行姑息性切除者１、３、５年生存率分别为４１％、１２％和６％（与根治切除相比Ｐ均＜０.０５）。仅行探查术者中位生存期３个月,且均在１年内死亡。结论 早期发现和根治性手术是提高胆囊癌患者生存率的有效方法,避免术中漏诊对预后有重要意义,对晚期胆囊癌应行扩大根治术。     

胆囊癌组织ER和PR的表达及其与血清E_2水平的相关研究

目的　　探讨胆囊癌组织雌激素受体 (ER)及孕激素受体 (PR)表达与肿瘤生物学特性的关系 ;阐明胆囊癌病人胆囊组织雌激素受体表达与血清E2 水平的关系 ;评价其在原发性胆囊癌早期诊断及临床预后中的价值。方法　采用放射免疫法 (RIA)对 2 0例对照组及 36例原发性胆囊癌组分别进行了血清雌二醇 (E2 )及孕激素 (P)水平的测定 ;采用链酶亲和素 -生物素 -辣根氧化酶 (SP)免疫组化法对 12例对照组及 36例原发性胆囊癌组胆囊组织分别进行了ER及PR的检测。结果　ER及PR在胆囊癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为 86 .1%、75 .0 % ,且与原发性胆囊癌的组织分化程度及肿瘤临床分期有关 ;胆囊癌病人血清E2 水平与胆囊组织ER和PR阳性率及半定量分级之间呈正相关。结论　胆囊癌病人血清E2 水平的异常升高及胆囊组织中ER和PR的过度表达在胆囊癌早期即出现 ,可能在胆囊癌的启动及发展过程中起着一定的作用 ,因而在原发性胆囊癌的早期诊断中具有潜在的应用价值。     

胆道肿瘤组织中p62和p21表达的临床意义

目的 探讨原癌基因C－myc,H-ras蛋白产物P62和P21在胆管癌、胆囊癌和胆道胆囊良性病变中的表达及其临床意义。方法 应用免疫组织化学方法（ABC法）,检测30例胆管癌,28例胆囊癌和30例胆道良性病变中P62和P21的表达水平。结果 30例胆管癌中,P62和P21过度表达阳性主分别为66.7%和63.3%,而胆管良性病变阳性率分别为10％和0,二者差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05),28例胆囊癌中,P62和P21过度表达阳性率,分别为42.8%和57.1%,而胆囊良性病变仅为10％和5％。二者差异比较有显著意义（P＜0.05)。同时也显示,胆管和胆囊恶性病变中P62和P21过度表达程度与病理组织学相一致,与原发癌灶的大小、淋巴的转移有显著相关性。结论 胆管癌、胆囊癌中P62和P21水平呈现过度表达,与病理类型、恶性程度、癌灶大小及淋巴转移有关,对其诊断、鉴别诊断及预后的判断有一定的参考价值。     

Cholecystoenteric fistula (CF) is not a contraindication for laparoscopic surgery

BACKGROUND: Cholecystoenteric fistula (CF) is a rare complication of cholelithiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and risk of complications when the laparoscopic approach is applied in patients with CF. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to all surgeons with experience of >100 cholecystectomies working in Naples, Italy, and the neighboring area. RESULTS: Between February 1990 and May 1999, 34 patients presented with cholecystoenteric fistula (0.2% of >15,000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in the same period). These patients were allocated into two groups: the LT group (those who underwent laparotomic conversion after the diagnosis of CF), which consisted of 20 patients, four men and 16 women, with a mean age of 66.5 +/- 9.3 years (range, 46-85) and the LS group (laparoscopically treated patients), which consisted of 14 patients, three men and 11 women, with a mean age of 65.6 +/- 8.8 years (range, 51-74). They types of CF observed were as follows: in the former group of patients, cholecystoduodenal fistulas (n = 11, 55%), cholecystocolic fistulas (n = 5, 25%), cholecystojejunal fistulas (n = 3, 15%), and cholecystogastric fistulas (n = 1, 5%); in the latter group, cholecystoduodenal fistulas (n = 8, 5.1%), and cholecystocolic fistulas (n = 4, 28.6) and cholecystojejunal fistulas (n = 2, 14.3%). Stapler closure of CF was done in four LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystoduodenal fistula; it was also done in three LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystocolic fistula. Hand-sutured fistulectomy was performed in six LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystoduodenal fistula, in two LT patients with cholecystocolic fistula, and in all patients with cholecystojejunal or cholecystogastric fistula. There were no deaths or intraoperative complications in either group. One patient in the LT group developed a bronchopneumonia postoperatively. Postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in LT patients-17 +/- 4 vs 3+/-1 days (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cholecystoenteric fistula is an occasional intraoperative finding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The results of this study, which are based on the collective experiences of 19 surgeons, illustrate the growing success of the laparoscopic approach to this condition, including a decreasing rate of conversion to open surgery over the last 3 years.     

Percutaneous video choledochoscopic treatment of retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract

Background: Retained biliary stones is a common clinical problem in patients after surgery for complicated gallstone disease. When postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy are unsuccessful, several percutaneous procedures for stone removal can be applied as alternatives to relaparotomy. These procedures are performed either under fluoroscopic control or with the use of choledochoscopy, but it is also possible to combine these methods. Methods: Since 1994, we have used the percutaneous video choledochoscopic technique for the removal of difficult retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract in 17 patients, applying the technique of percutaneous stone extraction used in urology. While waiting for the T-tube tract to mature and after the removal of the T-tube, the dilatation of its tract was 26--30 Fr. Stone removal was carried out using a flexible video choledochoscope and a rigid renoscope under fluoroscopic control, with the aid of Dormia baskets, rigid forceps, and high-pressure irrigation. Results: We performed 23 operative procedures, and the clearance of the biliary ducts was successful in all cases. There were no major complications or deaths. Conclusion: Percutaneous video choledochoscopic--assisted removal of large retained biliary stones via the T-tube tract is a highly effective and safe procedure. Its advantages over other procedures include the ability to visualize the stones and noncalculous filling defects; it also guarantees that the stones can be removed under visual video endoscopic control. It has no problems related to tract or stone size. apd: 21 December 2000